The discovery of Zero - Decimal numeration system - Place value system
“The unit place the digit has the same value, in the 10th place 10 times the value and 100th place 100 times the value, as a woman is called mother, daughter and sister”
(Vyasa Bhashya to Yoga Sutra 650AD)
Algebra
1500 years back we introduced new technique of computation Bija ganitam, during the renaissance in Europe, this seer’s knowledge they received and developed.
Horticulture & Veda
There are many horticulture wonders found in ancient Indian manuscripts. ‘Surapala’, Scientist in agriculture writes in ‘Vrikhaayurveda’ about bearing flowers and fruits round the year, producing fragrance, changing the tastes, colors, the flowers, the fruits, the fragrance, producing flowers on non flowering creepers, transforming trees into creepers, dwarfing the trees, mixing longevity of crop, destruction and quick rejuvenation, quick production of fruits, increasing sizes of fruits and flowers, their appearance etc.
In Vedic time they worshipped Tree as god. Vriksha raja – Trees and plants are King
‘Clones without branching should grafted in autumn, sprouted branch should be grafted in spring (Hemanta) well developed branches should be grafted in the rainy season, by looking in to selection of the direction of the grafting one should graft the branches’.
A soft soil is helpful for all varieties of trees. Sesame is first sown and crushed, when it blooms in order to mix with soil’ (Vrksha Ayurveda of varahamihira – 500AD)
16 February 2009
Astronomy Astrology and Vedic Mathematics
Before you can go indepth,I would like to introduce the Tantri's and Gurus.Please visit the links given below:
http://www.tharananellur.org
http://www.namboothiri.com
We explore the eclipse - The ancient Indian astronomers knew the real scientific causes of eclipses even in pre- Aryabhatta period. Aryabhatta I (476 AD) explains the phenomenon briefly. ‘The moon covers the sun and the great shadow of the earth that is Bhu Chaya eclipses the moon’. (Arybhatiya, 4.37.)
Varahamihir of 6th century AD, in his famous Brihat Samhita explains at length the scientific cause of an eclipse and boldly discards traditional myths related to the eclipses. “he tells at the solar eclipse the moon enters (covers) the sun’s Disc”. And he also explains, at the lunar eclipse the moon enters the shadow of the earth. – Brihat Samhita V.8.
In Rig Veda, ‘Oh! Sun when the demon Svarbhanu enveloped you by his shadow, the whole world was seen as if the people have forgotten their position and looked to be stunned. The sage Atri could locate the sun, which was covered with darkness by Svarbhanu. Nobody else could do that’. (RV 5/40)
A late commentary by one of the leading Indian astronomers Lalla in 8th C., Provides a scientific explanation for solar eclipse.“People at different places of earth see different parts of the sun as eclipsed. At some places eclipse is not visible at all. When this is understood who can say Rahu causes eclipse ? – Lalla’s Sishya – dhi – Vriddhida, 20-26
Law of gravity what Veda says? Ancient Indian scriptures mention the existence of gravitational force. We can note several references regarding this, but the modern world waited till Newton to know the existence of gravitational force. A definition to Gravity is discussed in ‘Navya kandali’ as follows:‘Gravity is the cause of falling of liquids and solids. It is invisible and is inferred by the falling motion. Gravity acts not only on the body, but also equally on its finer constituents’
‘If the famous goddess of the earth would not hold on this body by supporting apaana this body would have floated anywhere in the space or fallen down’–( Prshnopanishad–Shaankarabhaashya).This statement is shows clearly that Adi Sankara knew very well about gravitational force of the earth.
It is amazing to know that Indian astronomers have found out the precise numerical values of the planetary motion in such a time when not many sophisticated instruments were available for them. This is possible only because of concentration of power and subtle thinking capacity earned b them from veda. In depth knowledge of Indian astronomers can be guessed by the following sample from AryaBhatta
Work about Planetary Motion.
Distance of Planets
The distance of planets from the sun in terms earth to sun average distance known as
Au. (1.5x108 Km) are:
Planet Aryabhatta’s value Modern value
Mercury 0.375 0.387
Venus 0.725 0.723
Mars 1.538 1.523
Jupiter 5.16 5.20
Saturn 9.41 9.54
Revolution of periods: Sidhanta shiromani of Bhaskaracharys gives earth’s period of revolution as 365.2578756484 days. The periods of other planets are
Planet Aryabhatta’s value Modern value
Moon 27.322 days 27.322 days
Mars 1.881 years 1.881 years
Jupiter 11.861 years 1.862 years
Saturn 29.477 years 29.458 years
‘All the planets whether moving in the orbits or in eccentric circles, move anti clock wise from their apogees and clockwise from their perigees’. Aryabhattiya – chapter 3, verse 17
This law was state in the 5th C.AD, much before Johannes Kepler gave the first law of planetary motion in 1609 AD.
Indian astronomers observe the knowledge of elliptical orbits.
bhapa kramo grahamchcha sisivikshepa apamandalata saadharma
sani-guru-kuja-kha-ka-gargha bhruhu-bhudha kha…..
aaryabhattiya – chapter – 1, verse8
The details about elliptical orbits: The greatest declination of the sun: 24 deg. (modern value 23.deg.30 min)
The greatest celestial latitudes
Planet Aryabhatta’s value Modern value
Moon 4deg.30 min. 5 deg.0.min
Saturn 2deg.0.min 2deg.30min
Jupiter 1deg.0min 1deg.30min
Mars 1deg.30min 1deg.51min
Venus 2deg.0min 3deg.23min
Mercury 2deg.0min 7deg.0min
Circling the square: Baudhayana gives the very interesting construction for a circle whose area is equal to that of a given square approximately. He says if you wish to circle the square, draw half of its diagonal above the center towards the east west line, and then describe a circle together with a third part of that, which lies out side the square
Ancient Indian mathematics at glance
Period Mathematics Notable Mathematicians
3000-1500BC Indus scale, length and weigh
Measurement and standardization
1500-5000BC Vedas, Vedangas and Shulba Sutras,
World of numerals, beginning of astronomy Baudhayana,
Arithmetical operations, Vedic geometry Apastambha
Katyayana
500-200BC Emergence of jain mathematics, Number policy
Permutation and combinations, the Binomial theorem
Pingalas Chandah sutra, Meru prastara
Period Mathematics Notable Mathematicians
200BC–400 AD The Bakshali manuscript, Rules of Mathematical
Operations, first use of zero, simple algebra, unknown
Quantity representation, negative sign concept
400 – 1400AD Best period of Indian Mathematics, imp.Mthcal works Aryabhatta
Written by Aryabhattiya, Panchasidhantika, Bhashya, Parameswara
Mahabhashya,Siddhanta siromani, Venuaroha Nilakantta
Madhava, Bhaskaracharya
Varhamihira, Bhaskara
Brahmagupta, Shridhara etc.
‘In gayatri chandas,one pada has six letters. When this number is made half, it becomes three, remove one from three and make it half to get one. Remove one from it, thus gets the zero’ Pingalachary’s Chanda-Shastra-200BC. Almost 2,600 years ago, Apastamba, the great Indian geometer and author of ‘Apastamba Sulba Sutra’, first time gave remarkably accurate value for squre root of 2, as equal to- =1+1/3 + 1/(34) – 1/(3434). The general linear equation was solved in the Apastamba’s Sulba Sutra
http://www.tharananellur.org
http://www.namboothiri.com
We explore the eclipse - The ancient Indian astronomers knew the real scientific causes of eclipses even in pre- Aryabhatta period. Aryabhatta I (476 AD) explains the phenomenon briefly. ‘The moon covers the sun and the great shadow of the earth that is Bhu Chaya eclipses the moon’. (Arybhatiya, 4.37.)
Varahamihir of 6th century AD, in his famous Brihat Samhita explains at length the scientific cause of an eclipse and boldly discards traditional myths related to the eclipses. “he tells at the solar eclipse the moon enters (covers) the sun’s Disc”. And he also explains, at the lunar eclipse the moon enters the shadow of the earth. – Brihat Samhita V.8.
In Rig Veda, ‘Oh! Sun when the demon Svarbhanu enveloped you by his shadow, the whole world was seen as if the people have forgotten their position and looked to be stunned. The sage Atri could locate the sun, which was covered with darkness by Svarbhanu. Nobody else could do that’. (RV 5/40)
A late commentary by one of the leading Indian astronomers Lalla in 8th C., Provides a scientific explanation for solar eclipse.“People at different places of earth see different parts of the sun as eclipsed. At some places eclipse is not visible at all. When this is understood who can say Rahu causes eclipse ? – Lalla’s Sishya – dhi – Vriddhida, 20-26
Law of gravity what Veda says? Ancient Indian scriptures mention the existence of gravitational force. We can note several references regarding this, but the modern world waited till Newton to know the existence of gravitational force. A definition to Gravity is discussed in ‘Navya kandali’ as follows:‘Gravity is the cause of falling of liquids and solids. It is invisible and is inferred by the falling motion. Gravity acts not only on the body, but also equally on its finer constituents’
‘If the famous goddess of the earth would not hold on this body by supporting apaana this body would have floated anywhere in the space or fallen down’–( Prshnopanishad–Shaankarabhaashya).This statement is shows clearly that Adi Sankara knew very well about gravitational force of the earth.
It is amazing to know that Indian astronomers have found out the precise numerical values of the planetary motion in such a time when not many sophisticated instruments were available for them. This is possible only because of concentration of power and subtle thinking capacity earned b them from veda. In depth knowledge of Indian astronomers can be guessed by the following sample from AryaBhatta
Work about Planetary Motion.
Distance of Planets
The distance of planets from the sun in terms earth to sun average distance known as
Au. (1.5x108 Km) are:
Planet Aryabhatta’s value Modern value
Mercury 0.375 0.387
Venus 0.725 0.723
Mars 1.538 1.523
Jupiter 5.16 5.20
Saturn 9.41 9.54
Revolution of periods: Sidhanta shiromani of Bhaskaracharys gives earth’s period of revolution as 365.2578756484 days. The periods of other planets are
Planet Aryabhatta’s value Modern value
Moon 27.322 days 27.322 days
Mars 1.881 years 1.881 years
Jupiter 11.861 years 1.862 years
Saturn 29.477 years 29.458 years
‘All the planets whether moving in the orbits or in eccentric circles, move anti clock wise from their apogees and clockwise from their perigees’. Aryabhattiya – chapter 3, verse 17
This law was state in the 5th C.AD, much before Johannes Kepler gave the first law of planetary motion in 1609 AD.
Indian astronomers observe the knowledge of elliptical orbits.
bhapa kramo grahamchcha sisivikshepa apamandalata saadharma
sani-guru-kuja-kha-ka-gargha bhruhu-bhudha kha…..
aaryabhattiya – chapter – 1, verse8
The details about elliptical orbits: The greatest declination of the sun: 24 deg. (modern value 23.deg.30 min)
The greatest celestial latitudes
Planet Aryabhatta’s value Modern value
Moon 4deg.30 min. 5 deg.0.min
Saturn 2deg.0.min 2deg.30min
Jupiter 1deg.0min 1deg.30min
Mars 1deg.30min 1deg.51min
Venus 2deg.0min 3deg.23min
Mercury 2deg.0min 7deg.0min
Circling the square: Baudhayana gives the very interesting construction for a circle whose area is equal to that of a given square approximately. He says if you wish to circle the square, draw half of its diagonal above the center towards the east west line, and then describe a circle together with a third part of that, which lies out side the square
Ancient Indian mathematics at glance
Period Mathematics Notable Mathematicians
3000-1500BC Indus scale, length and weigh
Measurement and standardization
1500-5000BC Vedas, Vedangas and Shulba Sutras,
World of numerals, beginning of astronomy Baudhayana,
Arithmetical operations, Vedic geometry Apastambha
Katyayana
500-200BC Emergence of jain mathematics, Number policy
Permutation and combinations, the Binomial theorem
Pingalas Chandah sutra, Meru prastara
Period Mathematics Notable Mathematicians
200BC–400 AD The Bakshali manuscript, Rules of Mathematical
Operations, first use of zero, simple algebra, unknown
Quantity representation, negative sign concept
400 – 1400AD Best period of Indian Mathematics, imp.Mthcal works Aryabhatta
Written by Aryabhattiya, Panchasidhantika, Bhashya, Parameswara
Mahabhashya,Siddhanta siromani, Venuaroha Nilakantta
Madhava, Bhaskaracharya
Varhamihira, Bhaskara
Brahmagupta, Shridhara etc.
‘In gayatri chandas,one pada has six letters. When this number is made half, it becomes three, remove one from three and make it half to get one. Remove one from it, thus gets the zero’ Pingalachary’s Chanda-Shastra-200BC. Almost 2,600 years ago, Apastamba, the great Indian geometer and author of ‘Apastamba Sulba Sutra’, first time gave remarkably accurate value for squre root of 2, as equal to- =1+1/3 + 1/(34) – 1/(3434). The general linear equation was solved in the Apastamba’s Sulba Sutra
Physics and Veda
In ancient India, the sages used to observe nature and natural phenomena and try to understand them by going in to deep meditation. This is the equivalent of their theoretical framework, which would induce them make closer observations – experiments- and discover new information.
Knowledge of ancient Indians on various aspects of the physical world is scattered in many Sanskrit works, which include the Vedas, vedaangas, puraanas etc. deal with several aspects of the animate and inanimate world. Some of the observations of the sages can now be better correlated with the 21st century physics concepts.
‘One is led to anew notion of unbroken wholeness, which denies the classical idea of the ability to analyze the world into separately and independently existing parts. We have reversed the usual classical notion, that the independent elementary reality, and that the various systems are merely particular contingent forms and arrangements if these parts. The Laws of Gravity in Indians view Rather, we say that inseparable quantum interconnectedness if the whole universe is the fundamental reality and the relatively independently behaving parts are merely particular and contingent forms within the above’ – Mundakopanishad –
1200 years before sir Isaac Newton rediscovered.
The different between the ancient indian measurement (1500 years ago) and the modern measurement is only 0.00085 days (0.0002%). India has given the world the idea of smallest and largest measure of time – from 34,000th a second (Kranti) to 4.32 billion years (kalpa).
We suggested the sphere
(Bhugoladhyaya , surya sidhanta). Arya bhatta was the first to deduce that the earth is round. It must be mentioned that western science accepted that earth is spherical only in 14th century. Also he was the first to postulate it is the earth that rotates and the stars are stationary. This was about a 1000 year before Copernicus.
‘The globe of earth stands suspended in space at the center of a circular frame that is at the center of the Bhagola surrounded by water, soil, fire and air and is circular on all sided that is spherical’.
(Aryabhatiya - chapter 4, verse 6)
How long is your day??
23 hrs – 56 mts – 4 scds – 0.1 fractions – ‘ aryabhatta’
23 hrs – 56 mts – 4 scds – 0.091 fractions – modern value
Science of yajna or e= mc2
Aitareya rishi said’ yjna is conversion of consciousness into matter and matter in to consciousness through vital force. Einsein he discovered that matter and energy are inter-convertible as per his formula e=mc2.this lead to the discovery of atomic energy.The vedic seers have discovered a still superior form of energy viz. the power of consciousness. It is the consciousness, which activate our vital energies, which in turn, can bring about any transformation.
The power of consciousness is represented by mantra, vital energy are the Deva’s (God) when we say that Deva’s are invoked by mantras, we simply mean to say that vital energies are activated by the use of psychic power. These psychic powers, which are supra-physical, can control anything physical. Thus, by use of mantras and by invoking Deva’s all of our desires can be fulfilled. Aitareya who says that yajna s a process of converting consciousness into matter and matter into consciousness, since consciousness and matter cannot be interchanged directly, the interchange takes place via vital force.
Aitereya and Einstein formula
Einstein
MATTER ENERGY
Aitareya
MATTER VITAL FORCES CONSCIOUSNESS
Speed of Light The 14th c. scholar Saayana (1335-1387 AD) mentions about the speed of light in his commentary of Rigveda. He was a minister in the court of king Bukka I of vijayanagar empire in south India.
‘Thus this remembered: (oh Sun!) Bow to you, you who traverse 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha’
(saayanacharya – commentary on 4th verse of the hymn of Rig Veda 1.50)
Transformation of energy in rigveda
Agne … tmna satinam purusham (Rig veda 2.2.9)
In this sloka RV define the universal transformation of energy
Stirnaa asya samhato viswarupa (RV 3.1.7.)
Energy Omnipresent
Viswasya ketu, bhuvanasya garbha, oh rodasi aprunat (YV.12.33)
In vedic quotation interestingly mentioned the seven rays of sun. In Rig veda these are nothing but the colors –VIBGYOR, RV supports ‘the seven rays of the sun are falling, there I live with my family’. (RV8-72-16)
These statements are evident to assume the seven colors of sunrays were very well known, even during the vedic period.
Rishi Kanaada - forerunner to Archimedes and Einstein: Kanaada or Kashypa lived in the 6th century B.C. from his childhood; kashyapa displayed a keen sense of observation. Kanada was the first expounder of the atomic concept in the universe. He was the first to point out he binary molecule and atom. Everything in the universe, he said ‘is made up of Paramanu(Nuclear).
Paramanu are eternal and indestructible and do not exist in free state nor can they be sensed through any human organ’. Kanaada
propounded Vaiseshika Sutras (peculiarity Aphorisms). They are a blend of science, philosophy and religion.
This wisdom stuns the modern scientist that Rishi Kanaada could make such profound observations on Atomic Science in the 6th century.
Knowledge of ancient Indians on various aspects of the physical world is scattered in many Sanskrit works, which include the Vedas, vedaangas, puraanas etc. deal with several aspects of the animate and inanimate world. Some of the observations of the sages can now be better correlated with the 21st century physics concepts.
‘One is led to anew notion of unbroken wholeness, which denies the classical idea of the ability to analyze the world into separately and independently existing parts. We have reversed the usual classical notion, that the independent elementary reality, and that the various systems are merely particular contingent forms and arrangements if these parts. The Laws of Gravity in Indians view Rather, we say that inseparable quantum interconnectedness if the whole universe is the fundamental reality and the relatively independently behaving parts are merely particular and contingent forms within the above’ – Mundakopanishad –
The Laws of Gravity in sages view
1200 years before sir Isaac Newton rediscovered.
‘Objects fall on the earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore the earth, planet, constellations, moon and the sun are held in orbit by attraction’(Surya Sidhantha by Bhaskaraachaarya). In surya sidhantha, bhaskaraachaarya calculates the time taken for the earth on orbit the sun to 9 decimal places (365.258756484 days). The modern accepted measurement is 365.2596 days.
The different between the ancient indian measurement (1500 years ago) and the modern measurement is only 0.00085 days (0.0002%). India has given the world the idea of smallest and largest measure of time – from 34,000th a second (Kranti) to 4.32 billion years (kalpa).
We suggested the sphere
Earth is not flat instead it is spherical in shape. This was discussed in the ancient astronomical text, Surya Sidhanta, ‘As the earth is round every person considered himself at the top of the earth where he or she is standing. So downward direction is towards the center of the earth for everyone.’ –
Everyone on the earth feels that he is at the top of the earth. But this is not true.
(Bhugoladhyaya , surya sidhanta). Arya bhatta was the first to deduce that the earth is round. It must be mentioned that western science accepted that earth is spherical only in 14th century. Also he was the first to postulate it is the earth that rotates and the stars are stationary. This was about a 1000 year before Copernicus.
‘The globe of earth stands suspended in space at the center of a circular frame that is at the center of the Bhagola surrounded by water, soil, fire and air and is circular on all sided that is spherical’.
(Aryabhatiya - chapter 4, verse 6)
How long is your day??
23 hrs – 56 mts – 4 scds – 0.1 fractions – ‘ aryabhatta’
23 hrs – 56 mts – 4 scds – 0.091 fractions – modern value
Science of yajna or e= mc2
Aitareya rishi said’ yjna is conversion of consciousness into matter and matter in to consciousness through vital force. Einsein he discovered that matter and energy are inter-convertible as per his formula e=mc2.this lead to the discovery of atomic energy.The vedic seers have discovered a still superior form of energy viz. the power of consciousness. It is the consciousness, which activate our vital energies, which in turn, can bring about any transformation.
The power of consciousness is represented by mantra, vital energy are the Deva’s (God) when we say that Deva’s are invoked by mantras, we simply mean to say that vital energies are activated by the use of psychic power. These psychic powers, which are supra-physical, can control anything physical. Thus, by use of mantras and by invoking Deva’s all of our desires can be fulfilled. Aitareya who says that yajna s a process of converting consciousness into matter and matter into consciousness, since consciousness and matter cannot be interchanged directly, the interchange takes place via vital force.
Aitereya and Einstein formula
Einstein
MATTER ENERGY
Aitareya
MATTER VITAL FORCES CONSCIOUSNESS
Speed of Light The 14th c. scholar Saayana (1335-1387 AD) mentions about the speed of light in his commentary of Rigveda. He was a minister in the court of king Bukka I of vijayanagar empire in south India.
‘Thus this remembered: (oh Sun!) Bow to you, you who traverse 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha’
(saayanacharya – commentary on 4th verse of the hymn of Rig Veda 1.50)
Transformation of energy in rigveda
Agne … tmna satinam purusham (Rig veda 2.2.9)
In this sloka RV define the universal transformation of energy
Stirnaa asya samhato viswarupa (RV 3.1.7.)
Energy Omnipresent
Viswasya ketu, bhuvanasya garbha, oh rodasi aprunat (YV.12.33)
In vedic quotation interestingly mentioned the seven rays of sun. In Rig veda these are nothing but the colors –VIBGYOR, RV supports ‘the seven rays of the sun are falling, there I live with my family’. (RV8-72-16)
These statements are evident to assume the seven colors of sunrays were very well known, even during the vedic period.
Rishi Kanaada - forerunner to Archimedes and Einstein: Kanaada or Kashypa lived in the 6th century B.C. from his childhood; kashyapa displayed a keen sense of observation. Kanada was the first expounder of the atomic concept in the universe. He was the first to point out he binary molecule and atom. Everything in the universe, he said ‘is made up of Paramanu(Nuclear).
When matter divided and sub-divided until further division is not possible, the remaining indivisible entity is called Paramanu.
Paramanu are eternal and indestructible and do not exist in free state nor can they be sensed through any human organ’. Kanaada
propounded Vaiseshika Sutras (peculiarity Aphorisms). They are a blend of science, philosophy and religion.
This wisdom stuns the modern scientist that Rishi Kanaada could make such profound observations on Atomic Science in the 6th century.
Modern chemistry and ancient Indian knowledge
Ancient Indian chemists were conducting their experiments in well-equipped chemical laboratories. They more than employed more than 32 pieces of apparatus for chemical and pharmaceutical investigations. They called them as ‘Yantra’
Rasaratna Samuchchaya : It gives the working, usage and construction of such yantras. ‘Tiriyak Patana Yantra’ is one those, used for purpose of the distillation. This particular device first introduced by Nagarjuna for the extraction of essence of cinnabar.
The distillation of perfumes: The distillation of scents, perfumes and fragment liquids and ointments was one area where the knowledge of chemistry was applied in India, since ancient times. At those times, perfumes and fragment ointments were of two type namely, Teertha (Liquid) and Gandha (slurries or ointments). ‘Place the chemical in a vessel provided with a long tube inserted in an inclined position which enters the interior of other vessel arranged as a receiver. The mouth of the vessel and the joint should be luted clay and cloth. Now put a strong fire at the bottom of the vessel containing chemicals, while the other vessel is in cold water. The apparatus is used for distillation’ (Rasaratna Samuchchaya 1.48-50)
In India, chemistry had its beginnings in remote antiquity in the development of purposeful and practical arts meant to fulfil the demands of the necessities of life. Of particular interest is the Indian alchemy, otherwise known as ‘Rasa Vidya’ which possibly formed part of the mystic practices of certain sections of tantric and sidhas. In India the beginning of chemistry as practical and purposeful art are noticeable in remote antiquity. Of particular importance is the knowledge as well as the technique concerning the baking of clay and
Production of pottery, i.e. of objects fashioned from clay and hardened by fire. Metalwork, processing of various naturally occurring minerals, slaking of the burnt limestone, compositions of essential oils, use of pigments, and production of different types of glass were among the noteworthy chemical practices in India even in vedic times. Ancient Indians were far ahead in so many areas like chemicals, medicines, textiles, dyeing, tanning, perfumery, glass, ceramics, gems, cements, mortars, lutes etc. the ancient medical system of
India.
Ayur veda, is mainly related to health. All the process developed for extracting metals like gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc etc. from their ores, making alloys of these metals with specific properties, using finely powered and treated metals and metallic preparations in medicine etc are essentially chemical processes. The ancient Indians excelled in several chemical processes– melting, smelting,casting, tempering of steel, calcinations sublimation, steaming, fermentation etc.Various technological developments including the use of iron has led various social and military developments. The history of Indian indigo, dyes and dyeing industry marks also an interestingly study.
Ancient Indian manuscripts of chemistry:
1) Rasa Ratnakara by Sidha Nagarjuna
2) Rasaratna Samuchchaya by Vagbhataachaarya
3) Rasa Hridaya by Bhagavad Govinda
4) Rasaarnava – author not known
5) Rasendra Chudamani by Somadeva
6) Rasapraka Sasudhakara by Yasodhara
7) Rasa Chintamani by Madanantha Deva
8) Rasa Rajalaxmi by Vishnudeva
9) Rasa Nakshtra Maalika by Mathan Simha
10) Rasaratnakara by Nithyanantha Sidha
11) Rasa Pradeepa - author not known
12) Rasa Kalpa from RudraYaamalam
13) Dhatu Kriya or Dhatu Manjan form Rudrayaamalam
14) Dhatu Ratnamaala from Ashwinikumara Samhita
15) Kaka Chandeswarimatha Tantra
16) Rasasaara by Govindachary
17) Rasakaumudi by jnanachandra
18) Rasarajalakshmi by ramiswara Bhatta
19) Rasindrachintamani by Ramachandra Guha
20) Rasabheshaja kalpa by surya panditha
21) Rasankita Kalika by chamunda
22) Loha Padhati by suriwara
23) Kankali Granta by narasimha sotri
24) Rasa Mukthavali by devanatha
25) Rasa padhati by bindu panditha
26) Rasaamrutha by ramiswara
27) Rasendra sara samgraha by gopalakrishna kaviraja
28) Paradayoga sastra by sivaramayogin
29) Rasa ratnamaala by Narasimha Kavi raja
30) Rasamangala by Gahananda Muni
31) Rasaraja Smaskara by Ramakrishna
Rasavadin (Scientists ) had their own Rasasalas (Chemical Laboratories) which contained several types of contrivances, and apparatus furnaces, instruments and places for washing and drying operations. The apparatus include the Koshti Apparatus for extraction of essence, pair of bellows, pestle and mortar, sieves of different meshes, crucibles, glass retorts, iron pans, conch shell etc.The apparatus employed by Indian alchemist were named as ‘Yantras’. The crucible ‘Musha Yantra’ was earthren one. ‘Svedini Yantra’ was used for steaming purposes. ‘Patana Yantra’ was employed for distillation and sublimation. The extraction of mercury from cinnabar was made from apparatus named as ‘Vidyadhara yantra’. Balka is a type of sand bath for heating uniformly, the substances for long time. If instead, salt was used it was called a ‘Lawana yantra’.
A closed crucible containing the chemical substances and keep inside a mass of sand is styled as ‘Bhudhara Yantra. It will thus be noticed that the rasavadins of India must have developed the different alchemical compositions through protracted and sustained experimentation over a long period. Though India had outstanding achievements to its credit in the field of rasa sastra (Chemistry), it did not receive encouragement or support from the intelligentsia of that age. The practices ultimately had remained as practical arts than as branches of a developing Chemical science. ‘Gold, silver, copper, iron, zinc are the six types of metals, their stability i.e. resistance towards corrosion/reactivity is in the verse of the above order’ – (Rasarnavam). ‘When strongly heated in the fire the loss of weight for gold is nil, for silver 2%, tin8%, lead and copper 5% and iron 10%’ – (Yajnavalkya smrti)
Samstapya mrinmaye patre tamra patram susamskritam
Chayayechchighi griven chandrarbhi kashta pamsubhi
Dastamoshyo nighadavya paradachchaadidastata
Samyyoga jjayate tejo mitraavarunasamchjhitam
(Agastya Samhita)
Place with copper plates in an earthern pot, cover with copper sulphate and moistened saw dust.
Spread zinc powder and cover it with mercury. Due to chemical reaction, +ve and –ve electricity is produced. He further says that this water is decomposed in to oxygen and Hydrogen’. (Agastya Samhita).
Scientifically tested and proved by practical, When a cell was prepared accordingly to this text and measured, it gives open circuit voltage as 1.138 volts, and short circuit current as 23 mA.
Rasaratna Samuchchaya : It gives the working, usage and construction of such yantras. ‘Tiriyak Patana Yantra’ is one those, used for purpose of the distillation. This particular device first introduced by Nagarjuna for the extraction of essence of cinnabar.
The distillation of perfumes: The distillation of scents, perfumes and fragment liquids and ointments was one area where the knowledge of chemistry was applied in India, since ancient times. At those times, perfumes and fragment ointments were of two type namely, Teertha (Liquid) and Gandha (slurries or ointments). ‘Place the chemical in a vessel provided with a long tube inserted in an inclined position which enters the interior of other vessel arranged as a receiver. The mouth of the vessel and the joint should be luted clay and cloth. Now put a strong fire at the bottom of the vessel containing chemicals, while the other vessel is in cold water. The apparatus is used for distillation’ (Rasaratna Samuchchaya 1.48-50)
In India, chemistry had its beginnings in remote antiquity in the development of purposeful and practical arts meant to fulfil the demands of the necessities of life. Of particular interest is the Indian alchemy, otherwise known as ‘Rasa Vidya’ which possibly formed part of the mystic practices of certain sections of tantric and sidhas. In India the beginning of chemistry as practical and purposeful art are noticeable in remote antiquity. Of particular importance is the knowledge as well as the technique concerning the baking of clay and
Production of pottery, i.e. of objects fashioned from clay and hardened by fire. Metalwork, processing of various naturally occurring minerals, slaking of the burnt limestone, compositions of essential oils, use of pigments, and production of different types of glass were among the noteworthy chemical practices in India even in vedic times. Ancient Indians were far ahead in so many areas like chemicals, medicines, textiles, dyeing, tanning, perfumery, glass, ceramics, gems, cements, mortars, lutes etc. the ancient medical system of
India.
Ayur veda, is mainly related to health. All the process developed for extracting metals like gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc etc. from their ores, making alloys of these metals with specific properties, using finely powered and treated metals and metallic preparations in medicine etc are essentially chemical processes. The ancient Indians excelled in several chemical processes– melting, smelting,casting, tempering of steel, calcinations sublimation, steaming, fermentation etc.Various technological developments including the use of iron has led various social and military developments. The history of Indian indigo, dyes and dyeing industry marks also an interestingly study.
Ancient Indian manuscripts of chemistry:
1) Rasa Ratnakara by Sidha Nagarjuna
2) Rasaratna Samuchchaya by Vagbhataachaarya
3) Rasa Hridaya by Bhagavad Govinda
4) Rasaarnava – author not known
5) Rasendra Chudamani by Somadeva
6) Rasapraka Sasudhakara by Yasodhara
7) Rasa Chintamani by Madanantha Deva
8) Rasa Rajalaxmi by Vishnudeva
9) Rasa Nakshtra Maalika by Mathan Simha
10) Rasaratnakara by Nithyanantha Sidha
11) Rasa Pradeepa - author not known
12) Rasa Kalpa from RudraYaamalam
13) Dhatu Kriya or Dhatu Manjan form Rudrayaamalam
14) Dhatu Ratnamaala from Ashwinikumara Samhita
15) Kaka Chandeswarimatha Tantra
16) Rasasaara by Govindachary
17) Rasakaumudi by jnanachandra
18) Rasarajalakshmi by ramiswara Bhatta
19) Rasindrachintamani by Ramachandra Guha
20) Rasabheshaja kalpa by surya panditha
21) Rasankita Kalika by chamunda
22) Loha Padhati by suriwara
23) Kankali Granta by narasimha sotri
24) Rasa Mukthavali by devanatha
25) Rasa padhati by bindu panditha
26) Rasaamrutha by ramiswara
27) Rasendra sara samgraha by gopalakrishna kaviraja
28) Paradayoga sastra by sivaramayogin
29) Rasa ratnamaala by Narasimha Kavi raja
30) Rasamangala by Gahananda Muni
31) Rasaraja Smaskara by Ramakrishna
Rasavadin (Scientists ) had their own Rasasalas (Chemical Laboratories) which contained several types of contrivances, and apparatus furnaces, instruments and places for washing and drying operations. The apparatus include the Koshti Apparatus for extraction of essence, pair of bellows, pestle and mortar, sieves of different meshes, crucibles, glass retorts, iron pans, conch shell etc.The apparatus employed by Indian alchemist were named as ‘Yantras’. The crucible ‘Musha Yantra’ was earthren one. ‘Svedini Yantra’ was used for steaming purposes. ‘Patana Yantra’ was employed for distillation and sublimation. The extraction of mercury from cinnabar was made from apparatus named as ‘Vidyadhara yantra’. Balka is a type of sand bath for heating uniformly, the substances for long time. If instead, salt was used it was called a ‘Lawana yantra’.
A closed crucible containing the chemical substances and keep inside a mass of sand is styled as ‘Bhudhara Yantra. It will thus be noticed that the rasavadins of India must have developed the different alchemical compositions through protracted and sustained experimentation over a long period. Though India had outstanding achievements to its credit in the field of rasa sastra (Chemistry), it did not receive encouragement or support from the intelligentsia of that age. The practices ultimately had remained as practical arts than as branches of a developing Chemical science. ‘Gold, silver, copper, iron, zinc are the six types of metals, their stability i.e. resistance towards corrosion/reactivity is in the verse of the above order’ – (Rasarnavam). ‘When strongly heated in the fire the loss of weight for gold is nil, for silver 2%, tin8%, lead and copper 5% and iron 10%’ – (Yajnavalkya smrti)
Battery in vedic times: An interesting procedure, that gives proof for the usage and preparation of the battery cell is recorded in Agastya samhita. The following lines illustrate the electrical cell
Samstapya mrinmaye patre tamra patram susamskritam
Chayayechchighi griven chandrarbhi kashta pamsubhi
Dastamoshyo nighadavya paradachchaadidastata
Samyyoga jjayate tejo mitraavarunasamchjhitam
(Agastya Samhita)
Place with copper plates in an earthern pot, cover with copper sulphate and moistened saw dust.
Spread zinc powder and cover it with mercury. Due to chemical reaction, +ve and –ve electricity is produced. He further says that this water is decomposed in to oxygen and Hydrogen’. (Agastya Samhita).
Scientifically tested and proved by practical, When a cell was prepared accordingly to this text and measured, it gives open circuit voltage as 1.138 volts, and short circuit current as 23 mA.
Awakening to Indian scientific facts
Most Indians are aware that they have a great heritage; few would include science in it. This is mainly because during centuries of alien rule they have been led to believe that science is an import from Europe. They tend to forget the many significant contributions to science, which India had made for hundreds of years before the first Europeans came to India. There is evidence that more than 3,000 years before birth of Christ, people of this subcontinent had much scientific knowledge. Relics of the Indus valley civilization, found at Harappa and Mohanjo-daro, indicate that their cities were well planned, with excellent water supply and drainage systems. The progress they had made in agriculture, brick-making craft and industry was remarkable. Their cloths were made of cotton. There were astronomers, mathematicians and geometricians. Their calendar was based on the movement of both the moon and the sun. They had identified various constellations and had named the months after them. Outstanding contributions were made to mathematics, astronomy and medical science. However, there were several invasions, which wrought irreparable damage. Indians themselves forget this glorious scientific past until the Indus valley civilization was discovered in 1921.
Veda : The word ‘Veda’ literally means knowledge par excellence or supreme knowledge. The Hindus consider the Vedas as the original and prime source of their cultural life. The thinking and feeling of Hindus are regulated by the Vedas. It is almost impossible to perceive and fully understand the ethos of spiritual and cultural lives of Indians without having an insight into the Vedas. The themes appearing in the Vedas are eternal and relevant to the humanity for all times to come.This knowledge was not derived from a particular scripture or prophet but came into being in course of several millennia. This knowledge continued incessantly being transmitted from centuries from generation to generation by word of mouth. Most of the Indian scholars consider the Harappa-Mohen-Jo-Daro culture (4000B.C) to be later phase of the Vedic culture. This places the date of the Rig Veda, the earliest of the Vedas, around 10,000 B.C. The great sages Krishna Dvaipayana Vyas or Veda Vyasa is said to have effected this division by collecting all mantras extent during this time, and editing them, into four groups: Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva. He taught them to his for chief disciples: Raila (Rig Veda), vaisampayana (Yajur-Veda), Jaimini (Sama Veda) and Saumana( Atharva Veda). This is how these four Vedas took shape.
RIG VEDA : Of all the four vedic Samhitaas, the RV- Samhitaa is the oldest and has a pre-eminent place in the vedic literature.The topics dealt with in the RV samhitaa fall roughly into three groups. The first group deals with the deities like Agni, Indra, Varuna and others. The second group is concerned with philosophical speculations like the origin of the universe and the real nature of the human beings. Third group deals with several secular subjects like marriage, wars of kings, eulogy of generosity and so on. The mantra in which well-known statement ‘ekam sat viprah bahudhaa vadanti’, truth is one, sages call it by various names, sums up the spirit of the entire RV. The concept of ‘vasudeva kudumbakam’ or universal oneness was propounded in the RV. In the RV period Varna (cast system) had already taken roots, monogamy, polygamy and Swayamvara system (that of a bride choosing her husband) – all existed side. Agriculture aand animal husbandry was the chief means of livelihood. Civilization was well developed and fine arts were encouraged. Priests and kings were powerful. Satya (Truth) and Dharma (Righteousness) were extolled. Social life was permeated by spiritual consciousness.
YAJUR VEDA : It is collection of yajus, the mantras in prose, which are specially useful to the ahvaryu priests during sacrifices (Yajna). The YV-samhitaa is in two major forms the Krishna and the Shukla, meaning the Black and White.Though the Krishna- YV-samhita is said to have had 85 saakhaas or recensions, only four are available now
a. Taittiriya
b. Maitraayaniya
c. Katha
d. Kapisthala
Associated with the Taittiriya – samhita are Taittiriya-braahmana, Tittiriya aranya and the Taittiriya-upanishad. The well-known Kathopanishad also belongings to the Krishna YV, but to the Katha recension.The Shukla-YV-samhitaa, also known as the Vaajasaneyi-samhitaa, is said to have been collected and edited by famous sage Yajnavalkya.Ishavasyopanishad and Brhahadaranyakopanishad are the Upanishad of this Veda.
SAMA VEDA : The Sama Veda – ‘knowledge of chanted hymns’ in way stands between the poetic Vedas and the ritualistic Vedas. Sama stands for love of god and consists of hymns of devotion. The verses are traditionally chanted on different ceremonial occasions. In content form, it is poetry of the highest Order, while in arrangement and purpose it is ritualistic. Mostly the selections are made from the Rig Veda and grouped together and arranged for ritualistic purposes. The SV contains 1,875 verses, of which only 75 are not to be found in the RV. The rest are virtually the repetitions of the RV verses. The SV is said to have had one thousand recentions but only three of them are now preserved and they are Ranayania sakha, Kautuma sakha and Jaiminiya Sakha.
ATHARVA VEDA: Atharva Veda is also known as Brahma Veda. The contents of this veda ranges from diseases and their cure, building construction, trade and commerce, statecraft, penances and propitiatory rites. High philosophical ideas much nearer to those of the Upanishads are also found. The AV has 6,077 mantras spread over 20 Kaandas. This veda designates God as the Absolute not only to Brahman but also by some interesting names like Skambha, Ucchista and Vraatya. The whole universe has emerged out of Him due to His will and is established in Him. He is the Lord of the whole creation.This work gives us an interesting picture of the society of its times. The land in which the people lived, extend from Gaandhaara (Afghanistan) to Magadha (Bhihar) and Vanga (Bengal). The Varna (Caste) system had been well established. Trade and commerce were prosperous though agriculture was mainstay of the people. The cow was highly venerated and Godaana (gift of cow) was considered meritorious. The three well-known Upanishads – the Prasna, the mundaka and the Maandukya – belong to this Veda.
PURAANA: The ‘Puraana’ means ‘ancient tales’. The puraanaas are eighteen in number which didactic in character and sectarian in purpose.The Puranaas in general deal with the origin of the universe, its destruction, the geographical divisions of the world, the nature of the people inhabiting the various Parts of the world, the dynasties that ruled over them, the political divisions of India in different periods of history, the important places of pilgrimage and the religious and social practices of the different people of the everyday life in ancient India moral precepts through interesting stories in the puranaas very popular among the people.
UPANISHAD:‘What is that by knowing which everything in this vast universe is known’? This question has some time or other agitated all thinking persons.The vedas are the basic scriptures of Hindus. Each Veda has four parts i.e Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyakaand Upanishads. The first three parts are called Karmakaanda – interpretation of actions. The other part is called Jnanakaanda – the interpretation of philosophy – known as Upanishads have a unique place in the development of Indian thought. The word Upanishad derives from the Sanskrit root ‘sadil’ with the prefixes (upasargas) ‘upa’ and ni’ which means ‘sit near’. (Upa –Near, Ni- Down, Sad-Sit). There is more intimate contact between the student and teacher; the student sits close to the teacher and that is the reason for designating the text as Upanishad. The Upanishads gives the ultimate knowledge and destroy ignorance.
YAGNA (YAGA): Yagna means sacrifice. In a yagna conducted in the vedic period, the members of the community came together in a spirit of dedication and sacrifice for the purpose of a co-operative spiritual and divine endeavor to invoke the grace of the Presiding Deity for the blessings of the community, for peace of the world, for the prosperity in wealth etc.
-Features of Yagna
-Inspiring goal for prosperity of everyone
-Working together in team spirit
-Sharing results
The yagna spirit is seen everywhere in nature: the sun shines, the moon appears, the sea throbs, the earth bears – all in a spirit of sacrifice and self-dedicated motherly love, never with even a trace of attachment or any kind of self-arrogating motives. The law of seva, is faithfully followed by every sentiment and insentiment member of the cosmos instinctively. Man alone is given the freedom to act as he likes and to the extent he disobeys this Universal Law of sacrifice (Yaga or yagna), to that extent he comes to suffer because of his arrogant and egoistic actions. This brings discord in the harmony of the existence around them.
Veda : The word ‘Veda’ literally means knowledge par excellence or supreme knowledge. The Hindus consider the Vedas as the original and prime source of their cultural life. The thinking and feeling of Hindus are regulated by the Vedas. It is almost impossible to perceive and fully understand the ethos of spiritual and cultural lives of Indians without having an insight into the Vedas. The themes appearing in the Vedas are eternal and relevant to the humanity for all times to come.This knowledge was not derived from a particular scripture or prophet but came into being in course of several millennia. This knowledge continued incessantly being transmitted from centuries from generation to generation by word of mouth. Most of the Indian scholars consider the Harappa-Mohen-Jo-Daro culture (4000B.C) to be later phase of the Vedic culture. This places the date of the Rig Veda, the earliest of the Vedas, around 10,000 B.C. The great sages Krishna Dvaipayana Vyas or Veda Vyasa is said to have effected this division by collecting all mantras extent during this time, and editing them, into four groups: Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva. He taught them to his for chief disciples: Raila (Rig Veda), vaisampayana (Yajur-Veda), Jaimini (Sama Veda) and Saumana( Atharva Veda). This is how these four Vedas took shape.
RIG VEDA : Of all the four vedic Samhitaas, the RV- Samhitaa is the oldest and has a pre-eminent place in the vedic literature.The topics dealt with in the RV samhitaa fall roughly into three groups. The first group deals with the deities like Agni, Indra, Varuna and others. The second group is concerned with philosophical speculations like the origin of the universe and the real nature of the human beings. Third group deals with several secular subjects like marriage, wars of kings, eulogy of generosity and so on. The mantra in which well-known statement ‘ekam sat viprah bahudhaa vadanti’, truth is one, sages call it by various names, sums up the spirit of the entire RV. The concept of ‘vasudeva kudumbakam’ or universal oneness was propounded in the RV. In the RV period Varna (cast system) had already taken roots, monogamy, polygamy and Swayamvara system (that of a bride choosing her husband) – all existed side. Agriculture aand animal husbandry was the chief means of livelihood. Civilization was well developed and fine arts were encouraged. Priests and kings were powerful. Satya (Truth) and Dharma (Righteousness) were extolled. Social life was permeated by spiritual consciousness.
YAJUR VEDA : It is collection of yajus, the mantras in prose, which are specially useful to the ahvaryu priests during sacrifices (Yajna). The YV-samhitaa is in two major forms the Krishna and the Shukla, meaning the Black and White.Though the Krishna- YV-samhita is said to have had 85 saakhaas or recensions, only four are available now
a. Taittiriya
b. Maitraayaniya
c. Katha
d. Kapisthala
Associated with the Taittiriya – samhita are Taittiriya-braahmana, Tittiriya aranya and the Taittiriya-upanishad. The well-known Kathopanishad also belongings to the Krishna YV, but to the Katha recension.The Shukla-YV-samhitaa, also known as the Vaajasaneyi-samhitaa, is said to have been collected and edited by famous sage Yajnavalkya.Ishavasyopanishad and Brhahadaranyakopanishad are the Upanishad of this Veda.
SAMA VEDA : The Sama Veda – ‘knowledge of chanted hymns’ in way stands between the poetic Vedas and the ritualistic Vedas. Sama stands for love of god and consists of hymns of devotion. The verses are traditionally chanted on different ceremonial occasions. In content form, it is poetry of the highest Order, while in arrangement and purpose it is ritualistic. Mostly the selections are made from the Rig Veda and grouped together and arranged for ritualistic purposes. The SV contains 1,875 verses, of which only 75 are not to be found in the RV. The rest are virtually the repetitions of the RV verses. The SV is said to have had one thousand recentions but only three of them are now preserved and they are Ranayania sakha, Kautuma sakha and Jaiminiya Sakha.
ATHARVA VEDA: Atharva Veda is also known as Brahma Veda. The contents of this veda ranges from diseases and their cure, building construction, trade and commerce, statecraft, penances and propitiatory rites. High philosophical ideas much nearer to those of the Upanishads are also found. The AV has 6,077 mantras spread over 20 Kaandas. This veda designates God as the Absolute not only to Brahman but also by some interesting names like Skambha, Ucchista and Vraatya. The whole universe has emerged out of Him due to His will and is established in Him. He is the Lord of the whole creation.This work gives us an interesting picture of the society of its times. The land in which the people lived, extend from Gaandhaara (Afghanistan) to Magadha (Bhihar) and Vanga (Bengal). The Varna (Caste) system had been well established. Trade and commerce were prosperous though agriculture was mainstay of the people. The cow was highly venerated and Godaana (gift of cow) was considered meritorious. The three well-known Upanishads – the Prasna, the mundaka and the Maandukya – belong to this Veda.
PURAANA: The ‘Puraana’ means ‘ancient tales’. The puraanaas are eighteen in number which didactic in character and sectarian in purpose.The Puranaas in general deal with the origin of the universe, its destruction, the geographical divisions of the world, the nature of the people inhabiting the various Parts of the world, the dynasties that ruled over them, the political divisions of India in different periods of history, the important places of pilgrimage and the religious and social practices of the different people of the everyday life in ancient India moral precepts through interesting stories in the puranaas very popular among the people.
UPANISHAD:‘What is that by knowing which everything in this vast universe is known’? This question has some time or other agitated all thinking persons.The vedas are the basic scriptures of Hindus. Each Veda has four parts i.e Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyakaand Upanishads. The first three parts are called Karmakaanda – interpretation of actions. The other part is called Jnanakaanda – the interpretation of philosophy – known as Upanishads have a unique place in the development of Indian thought. The word Upanishad derives from the Sanskrit root ‘sadil’ with the prefixes (upasargas) ‘upa’ and ni’ which means ‘sit near’. (Upa –Near, Ni- Down, Sad-Sit). There is more intimate contact between the student and teacher; the student sits close to the teacher and that is the reason for designating the text as Upanishad. The Upanishads gives the ultimate knowledge and destroy ignorance.
YAGNA (YAGA): Yagna means sacrifice. In a yagna conducted in the vedic period, the members of the community came together in a spirit of dedication and sacrifice for the purpose of a co-operative spiritual and divine endeavor to invoke the grace of the Presiding Deity for the blessings of the community, for peace of the world, for the prosperity in wealth etc.
-Features of Yagna
-Inspiring goal for prosperity of everyone
-Working together in team spirit
-Sharing results
The yagna spirit is seen everywhere in nature: the sun shines, the moon appears, the sea throbs, the earth bears – all in a spirit of sacrifice and self-dedicated motherly love, never with even a trace of attachment or any kind of self-arrogating motives. The law of seva, is faithfully followed by every sentiment and insentiment member of the cosmos instinctively. Man alone is given the freedom to act as he likes and to the extent he disobeys this Universal Law of sacrifice (Yaga or yagna), to that extent he comes to suffer because of his arrogant and egoistic actions. This brings discord in the harmony of the existence around them.
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